You are treated with less courtesy than other people are.Ģ. In your day-to-day life, how often do any of the following things happen to you?ġ. “Validation of the Detroit area study discrimination scale in a community sample of older African American adults: the Pittsburgh healthy heart project.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. “Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health.” Social Science & Medicine. O Krieger N., Smith K., Naishadham D., Hartman C., Barbeau E.M. “Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socioeconomic Status, Stress, and Discrimination.” Journal of Health Psychology. Source: Williams, D.R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J.S., and Anderson, N.B.Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 6. (NB: article first published in Temenos XI (1975): pp.88-135). "On the Concept of Sahaja in Indian Buddhist Tantric Literature". ^ Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon – University of the West Archives of Ancient Sanskrit Manuscripts Archived at the Wayback Machine.Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. Shah, Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism, Mittal, ISBN 81-7099-9553, page 301 ^ NK Brahma, Philosophy of Hindu Sādhanā, ISBN 978-8120333062, pages ix-x.The unfolding of the tantric ritual depends on the mandala and where a material mandala is not employed, the adept proceeds to construct one mentally in the course of his meditation. Xternal ritual and internal sādhanā form an indistinguishable whole, and this unity finds its most pregnant expression in the form of the mandala, the sacred enclosure consisting of concentric squares and circles drawn on the ground and representing that adamantine plane of being on which the aspirant to Buddhahood wishes to establish himself. Kværne (1975: p. 164) in his extended discussion of sahajā, treats the relationship of sādhanā to mandala thus: Not within this list but a central sādhanā in Vajrayana is that of Vajrasattva.Īll of these are available in Tibetan form, many are available in Chinese and some are still extant in ancient Sanskrit manuscripts. In Vajrayāna Buddhism and the Nalanda tradition, there are fifteen major tantric sādhanās: pañca-muṇḍa sādhanā ( sādhanā done while visualizing sitting on a seat of five skulls).śmaśāna sādhanā ( sādhanā done while visualizing being in a crematorium or cremation ground).śāva sādhanā ( sādhanā done while visualizing sitting on a corpse).The tantric rituals are called " sādhanā". On the other hand, individual renunciates may develop their own spiritual practice without participating in organized groups. This approach is typified by some Tantric traditions, in which initiation by a guru is sometimes identified as a specific stage of sādhanā. Traditionally in some Hindu and Buddhist traditions in order to embark on a specific path of sādhanā, a guru may be required to give the necessary instructions. Sādhanā can involve meditation, chanting of mantra sometimes with the help of prayer beads, puja to a deity, yajña, and in very rare cases mortification of the flesh or tantric practices such as performing one's particular sādhanā within a cremation ground. The goal of sādhanā is to attain some level of spiritual realization, which can be either enlightenment, pure love of God (prema), liberation ( moksha) from the cycle of birth and death ( saṃsāra), or a particular goal such as the blessings of a deity as in the Bhakti traditions. Sadhana is also done for attaining detachment from worldly things which can be a goal, a person undertaking such a practice is known in Sanskrit as a sādhu (female sādhvi), sādhaka (female sādhakā) or yogi (Tibetan pawo feminine yogini or dakini, Tibetan khandroma). The term sādhanā means "methodical discipline to attain desired knowledge or goal". A sādhaka, or practitioner, is one who skillfully applies.mind and intelligence in practice towards a spiritual goal. Therefore, sādhanā, abhyāsa, and kriyā all mean one and the same thing. Kriyā, or action, also implies perfect execution with study and investigation. Abhyāsa is repeated practice performed with observation and reflection. Sādhanā is a discipline undertaken in the pursuit of a goal. Iyengar (1993: p. 22), in his English translation of and commentary to the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, defines sādhanā in relation to abhyāsa and kriyā: Sādhanā is a means whereby bondage becomes liberation. Bhattacharyya provides a working definition of the benefits of sādhanā as follows:Įligious sādhanā, which both prevents an excess of worldliness and molds the mind and disposition ( bhāva) into a form which develops the knowledge of dispassion and non-attachment.
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